Dichotomy ritch

ORTHODOX DICHOTOMY MODEL 

-Wilson and Goodnow earliest propounders 
-"administrative questions are not political questions" -- Wilson 
-" administration has only to do with execution of the political will" -- Goodnow

The arguments on dichotomy in the orthodox era revolved around the logic of --
-Political neutrality 
-Specialised functioning in the specific sphere
-Capability of the knowledgeable elite to play a role in public service 
-Making way for scientific efficiency 

This model was challenged for the first tym in a major way by F M Marx in 1946 in his book "Elements of Public Administration"
He quote, " apparently neutral administrative decesions are often laden with political preferences"

1950s J M Gaus completely denied the orthodox dichotomy model.
"a theory of administration in our times is also a theory of politics"

MODIFIED DICHOTOMY APPROACH 

Many thinkers have recommended flexibility in appreciating the dichotomy theory. Infact Goodnow himself did not propose a rigid dichotomy. 
In his book he observed "the actual political necessity requires that there shall be harmony between expression of state will and its implementation "

To attain this harmony independence of either politics or administration has to be sacrificed. 

Goodnow also argued that there shud be some political control over administration. For example the budget sanctioned for a particular programme can be curtailed at political will.

The most prominent explanation of modified dichotomy has come from MONTJOY N WATSON who interpreted dichotomy as 'professional standard' ie they argued that the eventual test of dichotomy li

PARTNERSHIP MODEL

The ultimate governing yardstick for deciding the extent of dichotomy is the yardstick of publicness. 

To illustrate --
If the civil servants overlap in the policy making role and this overlap is conducive for enhancement of public interest then such an overlap is welcomed. On the contrary if this overlap is in the nature of self-aggrandizement then such encroachment must be stopped. In other words in the name of dichotomy dilution the civil servants shud not be allowed to usurp the rightful policy making discretion belonging to the political executive. 

Similarly if the political executive overlaps in the implementation function with a view to improve the implementation such overlap shud be welcomed. Because it enhances the publicness. However if the overlap is politically motivated and seeks to favour certain favourites or vote banks then it must be stopped.

Dimock n Dimock 
"no administrator can sit quietly outside the ring and watch the pulling n hauling, rather he must become kind of a ringmaster and the strategist combined into one who must not only direct his programme but also try to win support for his programme from the political executive or the legislature 
Waldo criticized the following premises orthodox school of thought in Public Administration:

1. No difference in public and private administration: Waldo argued that public administration was different than private administration in the way that public administration had to function in a political environment and take part in policy formulation.

2. Politics administration dichotomy: Waldo argued that there was much in common between politics and administration and ways must be found to foster collaboration to unleash creative potential.

3. Generic and universal principles of Administration: Were criticized by Waldo as extension of common sense and having nothing scientific about them. Further he question the viability of developing universal principles. He stated that organisations must be designed to meet the purposes and face challenges of situations confronting the organisation.

4. Science of administration: Waldo considered Public Administration more of an art than science. As the public administration has more to do with the values, social change and equity i.e. the public nature of administration.

5. Focus on efficiency: Waldo criticized the over reliance on technical efficiency to promote administration. Rather he calls for replacement of technical efficiency with social efficiency. And efficiency to be pursued in overall framework of values.

6. He also charge the administration to have ignored the irrational and informal aspects of the organisation. For e.g. Weber bureaucratic model over emphasizes functional aspect at the cost of social, psychological and emotional aspects.

Due to such an orientation towards public administration Waldo rightfully headed the Minnowbrook conference which led to the New Public Administration. Which in turn proved to be a new paradigm in history of pub ad and gave a new zeal and direction to public administration.

Also mention the H. Simon and wlado debate which hapoened arnd same time